By Andrew J. Hawkins, The Verge
Taking the road less traveled is extremely difficult for self-driving cars. Autonomous vehicles rely on highly visible lane markings, as well as detailed 3D maps in order to navigate their environment safely. Which is why most of the major companies have eschewed testing on unmapped rural roads in favor of suburbs and cities.
Researchers at MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) have developed a new system that allows self-driving cars to drive on roads they’ve never been on before without 3D maps. Called MapLite, the system combines simple GPS data that you’d find on Google Maps with a series of sensors that observe the road conditions.
This allowed the team to autonomously drive on multiple unpaved country roads in Devens, Massachusetts, and reliably detect the road more than 100 feet in advance. (As part of a collaboration with the Toyota Research Institute, researchers used a Toyota Prius that they outfitted with a range of LIDAR and IMU sensors.)
“The cars use these maps to know where they are and what to do in the presence of new obstacles like pedestrians and other cars,” says Daniela Rus, director of MIT’s CSAIL, in a statement. “The need for dense 3D maps limits the places where self-driving cars can operate.”
MIT explains how its system operates without relying on 3D maps:
MapLite uses sensors for all aspects of navigation, relying on GPS data only to obtain a rough estimate of the car’s location. The system first sets both a final destination and what researchers call a “local navigation goal,” which has to be within view of the car. Its perception sensors then generate a path to get to that point, using LIDAR to estimate the location of the road’s edges. MapLite can do this without physical road markings by making basic assumptions about how the road will be relatively more flat than the surrounding areas.
If it ends up going commercial, MIT’s MapLite would go a long way in fulfilling one of the mandates from the Trump administration: that the safety benefits from autonomous driving be extended to residents in rural communities.
In Detroit last year, US Secretary Elaine Chao said it’s vital for the auto industry to ensure that self-driving cars help improve life in rural communities and not just urban areas. “We want to be inclusive as well and consider how this technology can benefit rural America,” Chao said during the 2017 Detroit Auto Show.
The question is: what is the use-case for self-driving cars in rural communities? Most of the leading companies, like Waymo and GM, are pursuing commercial ride-hailing businesses using autonomous vehicles. Robotaxis are seen as the best way to bring autonomous technology to the most people in the shortest time frame.
It’s also likely to be the application that makes the most money for the manufacturers. And the economics of ride-hailing don’t really work in rural communities. Just as Uber or Lyft, which are fairly nonexistent in those communities. If self-driving cars are proven to be orders of magnitude safer than human-driven ones, then we’re likely to see a stronger push to expand their capabilities to all communities.
MIT presented its research findings in May at the International Conference on Robotics and Automation in Brisbane, Australia. The paper was co-written by CSAIL Director Daniela Rus, graduate students Teddy Ort and Liam Paull.
